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BULGARIAN EUROPEAN COMMUNITY STUDIES ASSOCIATION
ACE PROJECT P95-2106-R
THE POLITICAL ECONOMY
OF THE EASTERN ENLARGEMENT
OF THE EUROPEAN UNION
(a Case Study on Bulgaria)
Ingrid SHIKOVA
Doctor of Economics, Senior Research Fellow
Krassimir NIKOLOV
M.A. in European Politics and Administration, Research Fellow
Sofia, January 1999
CONTENTS
Chapter 1
Political Debates and Public Attitudes to Bulgaria’s Accession to the European Union
Part One: The Attitudes of the Bulgarian Political Parties
Consensus in Principle
Party Documents
Documents Adopted by Parliament
Presidential Elections
Consensus in Practice
Consensus in Question
The Equal Start Option
Criticisms on European Policy
Why Is Consensus Eroded?
Why Is the Eroded Consensus a Problem?
Part Two: The Bulgarian Public Opinion – A Moderate Emotional Climate
The Opinion Polls - Positive Attitude
The Media - Intensification of the Debate
The Business Circles - Realistic Optimism
In Brief
Conclusions
Annexes to Chapter 1
Annex 1: Chronology of Events in the Field of Bulgarian-EU Relations
Annex 2: Excerpts from the Electoral Platforms of the Major Bulgarian Political Parties, adopted for the 17 December 1994 Parliamentary Elections
Annex 3: Excerpts from the Electoral Platforms of the Major Bulgarian Political Parties and Coalitions, adopted for the 19 April 1997 Parliamentary Elections
Annex 4: Memorandum of the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria (7 December 1995)
Annex 5: “BULGARIA 2001” - Programme of the Government of the Republic of Bulgaria 1997-2001, Part V - Bulgaria and the World, Integration and Security (21 May 1997)
Annex 6: Twelve Theses on Europe: Views of the Bulgarian Euro-Left on Bulgaria’s Preparation for Membership in the European Union (1 June 1998)
Annex 7: Results of Opinion Polls about the European Integration of Bulgaria
Chapter 2
Overview of Bulgaria’s Policy towards the European Union and Actions on Enlargement
Part One: Achieving Progress in the Macroeconomic Stabilisation and Reform in Order to Create a Sound and Competitive Economy
Slow Privatisation
Delayed Structural Reforms
Lack of Capital Markets and Unstable Banking System
Low Level of Foreign Direct Investment
1996 - Early 1997: Profound Crisis
Part Two: Strengthening Democratic Institutions and Achieving Political Stability
Part Three: Harmonisation of Bulgarian Legislation with That of the EU
Part Four: Improvement of Administration and Institutional Links with the EU
Conclusions: Dynamic Development of Relations
Annexes to Chapter 2
Annex 1: Bulgaria: Basic Macroeconomic Indicators 1990 - 1996
Annex 2: PHARE Assistance for Bulgaria 1991 - 1995
Chapter 3
Competitiveness as Criterion for Bulgaria’s EU membership: A Case Study on the Wine Sector
Introduction
Part One: Analysis of the Competitive Advantages of the Bulgarian Wine Industry
1. Production Factors
Physical Resources
Human Resources
Knowledge Resources
Production Capacity, Capital Resources and Infrastructure
2. Demand Factors
Internal Demand
International Demand
Tariff and Non-Tariff Barriers
3. Relating and Supporting Branches
Vertical Support
Horizontal Support
4. The Role of the Government
Privatisation
The Association Agreement and Preparation for Accession
Part Two: Survey on the Competitiveness of Bulgarian Wines
Part Three: Conclusions and Recommendations
1. Strengths
2. Weaknesses
3. Sustainability of the Competitive Advantages
References and Bibliography on the Wine Sector
Annexes to Chapter 3
Annex 1: Import Penetration - Wine
Annex 2: Net Trade Balance
Annex 3: Revealed Comparative Advantage
Annex 4: Exports/Production Ratio
Annex 5: Growth of Output
Annex 6: Producers of Wine and Spirits in Bulgaria
Annex 7: Bulgarian Wines with Appellation of Control Origin
Annex 8: List of Institutions Connected to Wine Production
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About BECSA
Texts written by:
Ingrid SHIKOVA – Chapter 1 (part 2), Chapter 2, Chapter 3
Krassimir NIKOLOV – Chapter 1 (part 1)
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